Design

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One example of one subfield of graphic design—information design or info viz…

SOURCES

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http://www.clickz.com/experts/design/freefee/article.php/1445011

Today we’ll be looking at the field of graphic design as a whole, and then some practical guidelines for designing you own materials

This is not going to be a recap of the book—you have to read the book on yr own.

Goal: To tie together ideas behind basic design rules with ideas from semiotics/theory and perception research

These (and others) are departments at RISD—only one is taught at Brown…

from the OED
A. adj.

1. Drawn with a pencil or pen. Obs.

a1637 B. JONSON Underwoods, Eupheme ix, [God] can Find..our closest creeks and corners, and can trace Each line, as it were graphick in the face.

2. Of or pertaining to drawing or painting. graphic arts: the fine arts of drawing, painting, engraving, etching, etc.; also, the techniques of production and design involved in printing and publishing; graphic design: graphics (sense B. 2 below); so graphic designer.

1756 Epitaph in H. Walpole's Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) V. 269 With..all the genius of the Graphic Art, His fame shall each succeeding artist own. 1811 LAMB Guy Faux Misc. Wks. (1871) 374, I only notice the print as being one of the earliest graphic representations which woke my childhood into wonder. 1872 RUSKIN Eagle's Nest §123 This faculty of sight..is the only proper faculty which the graphic artist is to use in his inquiries into nature. 1882 P. G. HAMERTON (title) The Graphic Arts: a Treatise on the Varieties of Drawing, Painting and Engraving. 1949 Sci. Amer. Nov. 29 The new Graphic Arts Research Foundation, whose work is supported by 139 newspapers, printing firms and other interested groups. 1956 H. WILLIAMSON Methods Bk. Design Pref., Principles of graphic design which apply to all kinds of book production. 1967 Graphic design [see sense B.3 below]. 1967 KARCH & BUBER Offset Processes ii. 9 Of the many methods and procedures used in the graphic arts, letterpress and offset-lithography account for 66·1% in monetary value. 1971 PERRY & ALDRIDGE Penguin Bk. Comics (ed. 2) Bastard title p., Alan Aldridge is one of the most original and creative graphic designers... His unique style of illustration has appeared in countless magazines, newspapers, record sleeves, posters.

P29

Phoenician cuneiform from

http://phoenicia.org/imgs/ugaritmrzh.jpg

From

http://phoenicia.org/alphabet.html#mother

Lasceauz: 15,000 – 10,000BC

http://www.sanford-artedventures.com/study/images/cave_painting_l.jpg

Pictograms, cuneiform images

http://www.upenn.edu/museum/Games/cuneiform.html

Scroll

Detail from

http://colophon.com/gallery/minsky/6C.htm

Different writing systems: http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/Writing_Systems/List_of_Scripts.html

Detail from

Calligraphy by Su Shi [Su Shih]

Dated 1082.
Handscroll, ink on paper; 13 1/2 x 78 1/2 in. (34 x 119.5 cm).
National Palace Museum, Taipei

http://www.chinapage.com/sushi8.html

Rosetta Stone: http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/permex/egypt/egypt.htm

Rosetta names: http://www-helix.inrialpes.fr/article408.html

Phoenician alphabet from

http://www.designingwithtype.com/items/itemsPhoenician.html

Phoenician Inscription (from the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II)

http://www.cts.edu/ImageLibrary/arch.cfm

Hunchback quote

Manuscript

http://www.billcasselman.com/musik.gif

Easy to read history of type with examples (via clicking)

http://www.redsun.com/type/abriefhistoryoftype/

type, for printing, was invented in China (c.1040), using woodblocks. Related devices, such as seals and stamps for making impressions in clay, had been used in ancient times in Babylon and elsewhere. Movable type made from metal molds were developed in Korea as early as the beginning of the 13th cent. However, there is no evidence that the European invention of movable type attributed to Johann Gutenberg was influenced by Eastern developments. The first dated printing from movable type in Europe is a papal indulgence, printed at Mainz in 1454. The first dated book printed from movable type was a Psalter printed by Fust and Schöffer on the Gutenberg press at Mainz in 1457. Gutenberg's Mazarin Bible, completed at Mainz not later than 1455, is believed to be the first book printed in Europe from movable type. The type used in these beginnings of European printing was of the kind known as black letter or Gothic, represented now by such types as Old English and German. The forms of the letters were derived from popular handwriting styles. Other styles suggested the letter forms of roman and italic type. Roman type was used by several printers before Nicolas Jenson so improved it as to ensure its triumph as the standard type. Italic type was first used by Aldus Manutius, who also introduced small capitals. Roman type is of two basic sorts, old style and modern. The modern type emphasizes the contrast between light and heavy lines and has conspicuous level serifs; the old style type keeps its lines of nearly the same weight and has inconspicuous serifs, some of them sloping. Qualities of old style and modern types are often combined. Into the mid-20th cent. type characters were usually made by pouring metal into previously cut matrices and, less frequently, by processes using plastics and other synthetic materials. Computerization of type design and photomechanical printing techniques have almost entirely replaced metal type. Famous designers of types include, in addition to those named above, Geofroy Tory, Claude Garamond, Robert Granjon, Christopher van Dyck, William Caslon, John Baskerville, Giambattista Bodoni, François Ambroise Didot, William Morris, Bruce Rogers, and F. W. Goudy. See typography.

See F. W. Goudy, Alphabet and Elements of Lettering (1922, reprinted); H. Lehmann-Haupt, One Hundred Books about Bookmaking (1949); W. T. Berry and A. F. Johnson, Encyclopaedia of Type Faces (1953); D. B. Updike, Printing Types (3d ed. 1962); J. R. Biggs, An Approach to Type (2d ed. 1962); A. L. Lawson, Printing Types (1971); S. Carter, Twentieth-Century Type Designers (1987).

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0849850.html

A key thing to notice—these inventions relatively recent. Of ever more importance as quantity of information and power of computer graphics both continue to increase.

Blackwell info arch course/outline

http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/afb21/InfoArch/index.html

http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/images/playfair-wheat1.gif

http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/Isis/journal/demo/v000n000/000000/fg4.jpg

Lecture was started on 2/24 and picked up here on 3/1

http://www.mef.qc.ca/Notre-Dame.jpg

"Pasquedieu! What are your books?"

"Here is one," replied the archdeacon, opening the window of his cell; he pointed to the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, whose two black towers, stone walls, and huge roof were silhouetted against the starry vault of heaven, like a monstrous two-headed sphinx in the middle of the City. For some time the archdeacon contemplated in silence this gigantic structure; then, with a sigh, pointing with his right hand to the printed book opened on the table, and with his left hand to Notre-Dame, and casting a mournful glance from book to church, "Alas!" he said, "this will kill that."

-- The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

Camel ad, 1949 http://www.bambootrading.com/adsdetail.asp?sku=4084&itemname=Camels+Cigarettes+1949+Ad+%2D+I%27d+walk+a+mile+for+a+Camel

Stage coach poster

1826: Neipce, photograph.

Daguerre, Talbot

Photoprinting

Grid Systems in Graphic Design, by Joseph Müller-Brockman – Ed

Swiss grid in action

http://www.graphics.com/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=46

http://www.typotheque.com/articles/paul_rand.html

NeXT logo cost 100,000 to design (Rand)

IBM logos http://www.ordiworld.com/article.php?sid=2986&mode=thread&order=0

http://www.goodlogo.com/cases/apple/

“arrive at a location. One would mix chemicals and pour them on a clean glass plate. After the chemicals were given time to evaporate, the glass plate would be sensitized by being immersed -- in darkness -- in a bath solution. Placed in a holder, the plate would then be inserted in the camera, which had been positioned and focused by the other photographer. Exposure of the plate and development of the photograph had to be completed within minutes; then the exposed plate was rushed to the darkroom wagon for developing. Each fragile glass plate had to be treated with great care after development -- a difficult task on a battlefield.

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwtake.html“

Matthew Brady, civil war photos

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/I?cwar:1:./temp/~ammem_zjTw::displayType=1:m856sd=ppmsc:m856sf=00168:@@@

Contrast with

Kodak ad from 1922

http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/omalley/120/empire/ads/ads3.html

Flight 1903

Photo from the Library of Congress

On December 17, 1903, two bicycle mechanics from Ohio realized one of humanity’s wildest dreams: For 12 seconds they were possessed of true flight. Before the day ended, Orville and Wilbur Wright would keep their wood-wire-and-cloth Flyer aloft for 59 seconds. Sober citizens knew that only birds used wings to take to the air, so without being at the site, near Kitty Hawk, N.C., or seeing this photo, few would have believed the Wrights’ story. Although it had taken ages for humans to fly, once the brothers made their breakthrough, the learning curve reached the heavens. Within 15 years of this critical moment, nearly all the elements of the modern airplane had been imagined, if not yet developed.

http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/pearlharbor/4.html

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

In less than three hours, Japanese planes crippled the U.S. Pacific fleet. Images from the raid — and the aftermath

At 7:56 A.M. the USS Arizona was rocked by two explosions. "The bridge shielded us from the flames," Pfc. James Cory said. "I think that at this moment I wanted to flee, but this was impossible. You're on station, you're in combat."

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1945: Alfred Eisenstaedt

Photographers across America captured victory kisses on August 14, 1945, the day World War II came to an end. So why did one embrace become a universal symbol of jubilation - and perhaps the most reprinted image in LIFE's history? Having spied a sailor smooching his way through Times Square, Alfred Eisenstaedt followed until he found the perfect composition - a confluence of lines and curves that draws the eye into a vortex of pure joy.

http://www.life.com/Life/millennium/photos/eyerman.html

______________________________

http://www.september11news.com/USAWebArchives.htm

No single image has yet emerged as the canonical one. In this case:

--many more images, both amateur and professional

--lots of video too

--people saw in real time—at events and on TV (and then replays) different from a “report from abroad.” Most of us were not in vietnmam, etc.

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Abu Ghraib prison photos

http://www.antiwar.com/news/?articleid=2444

New Yorker article: http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?040510fa_fact

NYTs articles : http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1145998/posts

http://www.slate.com/id/2105669/ aArticle entitled “Crime Seen” (discusses main national newspapers’ coverage of the story)

Cultural variance-change with times, 1930s vs. today will seem “out of date”

MTV /VH1

Wired

Both violate design rules, but after a while people accept them and they become less shocking. Eye adapts. Like fashion. Perceptual learning—Romantic style of music to 20th c atonal, dissonant music. Ear adapts,

“visual culture” quotes on # of cuts/minute . Old movies seem boring and slow (?)

Salesin http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~wda2003/Papers/Section_II/Paper_6.pdf

This principle applies to much of cs24. We’re not presenting new information, we’re trying to explicitly link ideas together from different disciplines to better understand visual thinking—to bring concepts/vocabulary from different fields into one language or see them all at once time…

SOURCES

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http://www.littlemesahouse.com/copyright_applies_to_all_images/For%20Sale/Joshua%20Tree.jpg

http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/ffc103.pdf

http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/MARBLE/high/pia/grouping.htm [paper: “Matching and Locating
3D Models in 2D Images”]

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/khayrbak23.jpg

Ancient Greek vase http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21121m/e211um14.html

http://p.giroud.free.fr/fonds_degas.html

http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd0738/great-sand-dune-sweep-6

http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/hockney/hockney.nick-wilder.jpg Portrait of Nick Wilder
1966 (100 Kb); Acrylic on canvas, 183 x 183 cm (72 x 72 in); Private collection