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Typography
Names and Faces
•1100-1300s: Gothic, heavy type based on handwriting of the times
•Islamic manuscripts and science without peer in pre-Renaissance world
•Aldus Manutius, humanist and scholar (1450-1515), established printing press in Venice. Invented model for Garamond, protoype for 2 centuries European typographic design [p.90].
–Also first to bring out an italic type
–Company “Aldus” created Freehand, bought by Macromedia in late 1990s (also Pagemaker, bought by Adobe)
•Claude Garamond (early 1500s). High-quality Roman type faces, first typography independent of any one printer.
•William Caslon, England, early 1700s (for 60 years nearly everything printed in England used Caslon fonts, refinement of Garamand’s)
•John Baskerville (1700s). Early 1800s
•Giambattista Bodoni, 1790 , press in Rome. Very thin serifs, letters from small number of shapes—interchangeable parts.
•Modern fonts like Gil Sans are often “sans-serif” (without serifs) and feature strong verticals
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type, for printing, was invented in China (c.1040), using woodblocks. Related devices, such as seals and stamps for making impressions in clay, had been used in ancient times in Babylon and elsewhere. Movable type made from metal molds were developed in Korea as early as the beginning of the 13th cent. However, there is no evidence that the European invention of movable type attributed to Johann Gutenberg was influenced by Eastern developments. The first dated printing from movable type in Europe is a papal indulgence, printed at Mainz in 1454. The first dated book printed from movable type was a Psalter printed by Fust and Schöffer on the Gutenberg press at Mainz in 1457. Gutenberg's Mazarin Bible, completed at Mainz not later than 1455, is believed to be the first book printed in Europe from movable type. The type used in these beginnings of European printing was of the kind known as black letter or Gothic, represented now by such types as Old English and German. The forms of the letters were derived from popular handwriting styles. Other styles suggested the letter forms of roman and italic type. Roman type was used by several printers before Nicolas Jenson so improved it as to ensure its triumph as the standard type. Italic type was first used by Aldus Manutius, who also introduced small capitals. Roman type is of two basic sorts, old style and modern. The modern type emphasizes the contrast between light and heavy lines and has conspicuous level serifs; the old style type keeps its lines of nearly the same weight and has inconspicuous serifs, some of them sloping. Qualities of old style and modern types are often combined. Into the mid-20th cent. type characters were usually made by pouring metal into previously cut matrices and, less frequently, by processes using plastics and other synthetic materials. Computerization of type design and photomechanical printing techniques have almost entirely replaced metal type. Famous designers of types include, in addition to those named above, Geofroy Tory, Claude Garamond, Robert Granjon, Christopher van Dyck, William Caslon, John Baskerville, Giambattista Bodoni, François Ambroise Didot, William Morris, Bruce Rogers, and F. W. Goudy. See typography.
See F. W. Goudy, Alphabet and Elements of Lettering (1922, reprinted); H. Lehmann-Haupt, One Hundred Books about Bookmaking (1949); W. T. Berry and A. F. Johnson, Encyclopaedia of Type Faces (1953); D. B. Updike, Printing Types (3d ed. 1962); J. R. Biggs, An Approach to Type (2d ed. 1962); A. L. Lawson, Printing Types (1971); S. Carter, Twentieth-Century Type Designers (1987).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2005, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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